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Sunday, September 30, 2012
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Egypt's Copts to return to Sinai homes, says government
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt's presidency and prime minister said on Saturday security forces in North Sinai were working to return Coptic Christians living near Egypt's border with Israel to their homes after they fled in fear of attack from Islamist militants.
Nine Christian families living in Rafah near Egypt's border with Israel left their homes on Friday after Islamist militants made death threats and gunmen attacked a Coptic-owned shop.
Analysts say Islamists with possible al Qaeda links have gained a foothold in Sinai and the departure of the families could fuel concerns about religious tolerance and the rise of militancy after the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak.
"The Coptic families quit their homes pre-emptively but the governor of North Sinai has given orders to return them to their homes and this is being carried out now," said Yasser Ali, presidential spokesman.
Two armed men riding a motorcycle opened fire on a Coptic-owned shop in Rafah on Wednesday but no one was injured.
Prime Minister Hisham Qandil said militants had not tried to force the Coptic families from the border town and they had left of their own accord. However, death threats against the Copts had been printed on flyers circulating in the desert area.
"We must uproot fear and provide all security measures to every citizen," Qandil said.
Israel has voiced concern about security in Sinai, where at least four cross-border attacks have taken place since Mubarak was toppled in February 2011.
Egypt's new president, Mohamed Mursi, has vowed to restore order. But efforts to impose central authority are complicated by the indigenous Bedouin population's ingrained hostility to the government in Cairo. (Writing by Marwa Awad; Editing by Sophie Hares)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/egypts-copts-return-sinai-homes-says-government-223148567.html
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Saturday, September 29, 2012
Ga. law enforcement agencies seek military vets
ATLANTA -- Law enforcement agencies in Georgia are looking for military veterans.
The state Department of Corrections is hosting a military personnel job fair Wednesday at State Offices South at Tift College in Forsyth. The agencies have approximately 800 jobs available for military personnel returning from duty.
Participating agencies include: the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, the Department of Corrections, the Department of Juvenile Justice, the Department of Public Safety, the Department of Natural Resources and the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.
The job fair is set to include an orientation with guest speakers presentations of the participating agencies.
The event is free and open to U.S. Veterans who register online.
Source: http://dunwoody.11alive.com/news/news/137997-ga-law-enforcement-agencies-seek-military-vets
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Friday, September 28, 2012
dbeisner - Home Repairs that Pay Off - 9/28 Money Pit e-Newsletter
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Home improvement spending is booming! A recent study found that home-related goods took priority over back-to-school shopping online this summer, and stores are also seeing their highest sales in years. If you, like millions of other homeowners, are ready to start taking on projects you've been putting off -- choose projects that pay off. You can do-it-yourself, but you don't have to do-it-alone.
The Welcome Mat
How to Buy a Pressure Washer
Pressure washers have the power to really clean the dirt and grime that can build up on your home over time. Pressure washers are also a good tool for cleaning a variety of items in and around the home such as cars, boats, patio furniture, decks and sidewalks. If you are considering buying a pressure washer, here's a tip to help you understand the options. read more
VIDEO: Picking the Right Tile Cutter for the Job
Get a good overview of different methods and tools for tile cutting. Learn which would be the best for specific types of tile and projects, such as backsplashes, fireplaces and bathroom floors. Whether you are working with 4-inch or 12-inch tile, and whether you need to make straight cuts or bevel cuts, this video will introduce you to the right tool for you. read more
Wood vs. Vinyl: Choosing the Best Material for Your Windows
When you're selecting windows, material is every bit as important as design. Wood and vinyl each offer great benefits for your final window selection, and with Andersen 400 Series windows, you get the best of both materials. Click through for tips on choosing a window that matches your budget, maintenance and design needs. read more
Driveway Sealing and Repair: Easy Tips for Great Results
Asphalt driveways take a beating from Mother Nature. UV rays, moisture and freeze-thaw cycles cause cracks, exposing the aggregate and deteriorating the binders that hold your driveway together. That's why it's important to repair driveway cracks or potholes and apply driveway sealer on a regular basis to protect it. read more
ON THE AIR: Rot and Insect-Resistant Trim
Learn about trim for your home that is beautiful but needs no maintenance. Learn how to care for your bathroom fan and your ceiling fan. Plus get answers to your home improvement questions about bathroom venting, shower mold, caulking, patio floors, and more. read moreShare This Information With A Friend!
Simply forward this Email. And invite friends to register to receive this E-newsletter each week. If you would like to unsubscribe from our weekly newsletter, please refer to the unsubscribe directions at the bottom of this newsletter.
Posted via email from Duane's Proposterous Posterous
Source: http://dbeisner.livejournal.com/324257.html
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Massachusetts chemist charged in crime lab scandal
CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts (Reuters) - A former chemist accused of falsifying evidence at a Massachusetts state crime lab where she handled more than 60,000 drug samples was arrested on Friday and charged with obstructing justice and lying about her training.
Annie Dookhan, 34, was arrested by state police at her family's home in Franklin, Attorney General Martha Coakley's office said in a statement.
The scandal shook the very foundation of the Massachusetts criminal justice system - the integrity of evidence used to convict and imprison defendants - and authorities promised to create safeguards to prevent it from happening again.
"Her actions totally turned the system on its head," Coakley said at a news conference.
"People absolutely deserve a system they can trust," Coakley said. "Repairing trust is going to take time."
The governor ordered the lab closed in late August and last week established an office to oversee a review of criminal cases potentially affected by the "failures" there.
Dookhan was charged with two counts of obstruction of justice and a single count of pretending to hold a master's degree in chemistry from the University of Massachusetts. If convicted of the charges, she could face 20 years in prison.
Further charges against Dookhan were expected, Coakley said. She said the criminal activity and misconduct appear to be limited to the single rogue chemist who worked for nine years the Hinton State Laboratory Institute in Jamaica Plain.
The charges brought on Friday stem from Dookhan allegedly lying about the integrity of drug evidence she analyzed on two occasions, the statement said.
Apparently motivated by ambition, Dookhan juggled a case load that was two to three times what her co-workers were able to handle, Coakley said.
"She was very proud of that... we do not have evidence to date of any other kind of motive," Coakley said.
Last month, Dookhan told investigators she "screwed up big time" by intentionally contaminating samples, forging approvals and failing to follow procedures, according to a police report obtained by The Boston Globe. She resigned from the lab in March.
On Monday, officials began examining a first batch of about 1,100 cases of people who are already serving prison sentences based on potentially tainted evidence. A Massachusetts man recently was released from prison after being granted a new narcotics trial as a result of the crime lab investigation.
Dookhan, who was removed from the testing lab in June 2011, said no one else at the lab knew what she had done and that she had disobeyed orders even though she knew it was "wrong." Dookhan said she was simply trying to get more work done.
Asked why she had forged initials to signal approval of her work in a log book, she said, "There was no one available -- no one has the time -- I wanted to get the work done."
State police took over the lab in July and discovered Dookhan's mishandling of evidence was more widespread than previously thought. During her career at the lab, Dookhan handled more than 60,000 drug samples linked to 34,000 cases, the Department of Public Health said.
Department of Public Health Commissioner John Auerbach resigned in the wake of the scandal last week.
(Editing by Barbara Goldberg and Kenneth Barry)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/massachusetts-chemist-charged-crime-lab-scandal-194745835.html
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Taxpayers spent $1.4 billion on Obama family last year | The Daily ...
Taxpayers spent $1.4 billion dollars on everything from staffing, housing, flying and entertaining President Obama and his family last year, according to the author of a new book on taxpayer-funded presidential perks.
In comparison, British taxpayers spent just $57.8 million on the royal family.
Author Robert Keith Gray writes in ?Presidential Perks Gone Royal? that Obama isn?t the only president to have taken advantage of the expensive trappings of his office. But the amount of money spent on the first family, he argues, has risen tremendously under the Obama administration and needs to be reined in.
Gray told The Daily Caller that the $1.4 billion spent on the Obama family last year is the ?total cost of the presidency,? factoring the cost of the ?biggest staff in history at the highest wages ever,? a 50 percent increase in the numbers of appointed czars and an Air Force One ?running with the frequency of a scheduled air line.?
?The most concerning thing, I think, is the use of taxpayer funds to actually abet his re-election,? Gray, who worked in the Eisenhower administration and for other Republican presidents, said in an interview with TheDC on Wednesday.
?The press has been so slow in picking up on this extraordinary increase in the president?s expenses,? Gray told TheDC. (RELATED: Five shocking truths about Michelle Obama)
Specifically, Gray said taxpayer dollars are subsidizing Obama?s re-election effort when he uses Air Force One to jet across the country campaigning.
When the trip is deemed political, it?s customary for the president to pay the equivalent of a first class commercial ticket for certain passengers. But Gray says that hardly covers the taxpayer cost of flying the president and his staffers around on Air Force One.
?When the United States? billion-dollar air armada is being used politically, is it fair to taxpayers that we only be reimbursed by the president?s campaign committee for the value of one first-class commercial ticket for each passenger who is deemed aboard ?for political purposes??? Gray asks in the book.
?And is that bargain-price advantage fair to those opposing an incumbent president?? (SEE ALSO: Millions of taxpayer dollars used for Disney World conference)
In the book, Gray admits Americans want their president to be safe and comfortable but argues the system should be reformed to stop the amount of unquestioned perks given to the president.
?There is no mechanism for anyone?s objection if a president were to pay his chief of staff $5,000,000 a year,? he told TheDC. ?And nothing but a president?s conscience can dissuade him from buying his own reelection with use of some public money.?
Aside from a salary, the president gets a $50,000 a year expense account, a $100,000 travel account, $19,000 entertainment budget and an additional million for ?unanticipated needs,? he notes.
NEXT: Examples of the pricey perks reserved for the president
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Thursday, September 27, 2012
Real Estate Marketing Techniques for 2012 Announced Online ...
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Please contact the server administrator, webmaster@freereleasepress.smartspudmedia.com and inform them of the time the error occurred, and anything you might have done that may have caused the error.
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Source: http://freereleasepress.com/real-estate-marketing-techniques-for-2012-announced-online/
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Kyrgyzstan: AIDS Patients Abandoned | EurasiaNet.org
This summer, Vitaly Korolkov, 38, was homeless, HIV-positive, and a recovering heroin addict. He began methadone treatment the last time he got out of prison, three years ago, because, as he put it, ?I just want to live, don?t know how much time I have left.?
Vitaly had been in prison for theft ? he stole to feed his habit. An ethnic Russian citizen of Kyrgyzstan, Vitaly, upon his release, wanted to visit his family in Russia?s Far East, where they?d emigrated following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
?I?m all alone here,? he told me one morning in July after drinking his daily dose of methadone at a Bishkek clinic. But as an HIV-positive ex-con, he had been refused a Russian visa. And besides, Vitaly?s ashamed father had disowned him.
A few days after our conversation, Vitaly died of AIDS-related illnesses. Some acquaintances found his corpse in a ditch about four days later. ?Because it was hot, his body smelled and no one wanted to take him to the morgue,? said Svetlana Kovalitskaya, a friend and social worker who had helped Vitaly since 2009.
Vitaly knew he was dying, according to friends. And he had nowhere to go but the drainage pipe where he slept. Despite the multi-million dollar efforts of international aid agencies, local NGOs, and the Kyrgyz government, there are currently no hospices in Bishkek providing end-of-life care. Most terminally ill people depend on their families, but Vitaly, and many others suffering from full-blown AIDS and scorned because of the associated stigma, do not have that luxury.
When we met, Vitaly didn?t mention how sick he was. He?d been in and out of the hospital for infections, including spinal tuberculosis. Friends said he was often discharged too early and received sub-standard treatment because of his HIV status. ?Last time Vitaly went to the hospital, they put him for 10 days in an abandoned basement toilet. Visitors couldn?t even find him on the registration list,? Kovalitskaya said.
Reports of such discrimination ? including doctors refusing to provide care for people with HIV, or demanding danger pay ? are widespread throughout Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan, however, with its methadone programs and needle exchanges, is considered to be among the more progressive countries in a region plagued by cheap heroin from Afghanistan. (By contrast, Turkmenistan refuses to acknowledge a single case of HIV, even though health workers there say infection rates are climbing rapidly.)
From 2010-2011, there were two hospices in Kyrgyzstan, both paid for by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (which is mostly funded by wealthy Western countries). But people familiar with the sites say they were not functioning as intended. One local journalist found the Bishkek hospice had admitted 11 patients over its one-year existence, none of whom were terminally ill. A few months ago, the Global Fund closed the facility, said Anna Chernyshova, who manages the organization?s grants in Kyrgyzstan. There is still a small hospice in Osh that Chernyshova says is underutilized and hard to access.
?Hospices work when a patient loses family and social ties, but there must be a strong referral system. Here we discovered that the system is not functioning and therefore we closed the hospice in Bishkek although we know [?] there is a need,? Chernyshova told me.
Today, there is no place in northern Kyrgyzstan for people like Vitaly. ?Most HIV patients are dying at home with their families, but many are dying wherever because of stigma in the family. This is a universal problem across the former Soviet Union,? Chernyshova said.
As Vitaly?s condition worsened, he should have been eligible for hospice care, where medical staff could have provided powerful painkillers, and helped keep him clean as he lost control of his bodily functions. But with no functioning hospices, a dignified death was out of reach.
?His situation sounds normal. I think there are a lot of people dying like that,? said Cheryl Kelly, the regional director of HIV/AIDS programs for the British government?s aid agency, DFID.
The United Nations estimates there were 9,800 HIV-positive people in Kyrgyzstan in 2009; about half are registered with the Republican AIDS Center, which distributes free antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) paid for by the Global Fund. Both Kyrgyz officials and foreign experts estimate the number could be several times higher and fear infection is rapidly spreading via migrant laborers. ?It is really a serious problem for Kyrgyzstan,? said Nazarbek Mukhamedjanov, the center?s acting director.
Public health experts argue that if ARVs were more widely and consistently available, there would be less of a need for hospice care. But people are not getting the treatment they need. The Republican AIDS Center has provided ARV therapy to a total of 874 people since 1996, according to Mukhamedjanov. Western donors question the program?s effectiveness. One patient told me he had to stop treatment during his recent one-year stint in prison, though the center is supposed to ensure the availability of ARVs. He?s now out and has been waiting months to resume therapy.
Tanya Musagalieva, coordinator of social support at Asteria, a shelter that helps female drug users, says another problem is the poor availability of the tests that show when people with HIV should begin ARV therapy. ?Not many people get the CD4 [test]. So they can?t even register as patients for ARV therapy and so not many people are taking ARVs,? she said.
Opinions differ on why there are problems getting ARVs to people who need them. One Western donor described the Republican AIDS Center as a corrupt, bureaucratic government agency suffering a leadership crisis, adding that it ?is impotent and in complete disarray.?
Government officials and some local NGOS, meanwhile, blame the Global Fund for not distributing its money fast enough. The Fund, which has spent over $22 million on HIV programs in Kyrgyzstan since 2003, stopped providing cash directly to the government in 2011 after determining that millions of dollars had been misspent. While the arguments continue, people like Vitaly are falling through the cracks.
At Matritsa, a shelter for HIV-positive people where Vitaly often spent a few nights at a time, a social worker said staffers were not equipped to take care of him. He had open lesions and was unable to control his bladder: ?In the last days, he was in such a bad condition he couldn?t stay here anymore. He needed professional medical care. He was very sick and there was nowhere for him to go.?
?Vitaly predicted his death,? said his friend Kovalitskaya. ?He said, ?I can see myself sitting there helpless and no one is looking at me.? That?s the problem with this society. People are dying on the streets and no one even pays attention.?
Editor's note:?
David Trilling is EurasiaNet's Central Asia editor.Source: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65964
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Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Protect Your Family and Assets With An Estate Plan | Michigan Elder ...
The July death of actor Sherman Hemsley, the star of the 1970s sitcom ?The Jeffersons? has provided a great example of 
the significance of having an estate plan. His family members battled over the will because Hemsley never took the time to decide how his assets should be distributed upon his death. Flora Enchinton claims she was Hemsley?s girlfriend, and is named the sole beneficiary in a will the actor reportedly signed, while Hemsley?s brother says he never drew up a will at all.
An estate plan can consist of several elements, including:
- A will, which explains how your assets will be allocated
- Assignment of power of attorney to someone you trust who can take care of your financial matters if you are no longer able
- A living will, which details a person?s desires regarding medical treatment if they are no longer able to express informed consent.
Funeral arrangements are often included in estate plans, and might involve a separate bank account to pay for expenses. Advanced preparation of an estate plan alleviates the burden in the event that you become incapacitated or die.
If you are interested in setting up an estate plan, consider the following:
- Draw up an estate plan regardless of your net worth. Your family has financial goals and estate planning can ensure they meet those goals after you pass.
- Everyone should have a will. This will distribute your assets accordingly when you die, and explain who should get guardianship of your children.
- Utilize trusts. A trust is a legal mechanism that allows you to put conditions on how and when your assets will be distributed. Trusts can help reduce your estate and gift taxes and allow your heirs to avoid probate court, which administers wills.
- Have an understanding of tax law. As it stands, estates under $5 millions are exempt from taxes. Next year, that limit is set to drop to $1 million, when the estate tax rises to as much as 55 percent.
- Discuss your will with your heirs. Conflict and disputes can easily be avoided if they fully comprehend your intentions.
Contact an estate planning attorney if you?re interested in setting up an estate plan. Provide and protect for your loves ones in the event you become mentally or physically incapacitated with an attorney that makes your business and personal affairs his priority.
Read More: Why estate planning is critical for your family
Attorney Christopher J. Berry is a Metro Detroit estate planning and elder law lawyer who helps families, seniors, veterans and business owners with their important legal needs. Oakland County estate planning lawyer, Christopher Berry is a partner in the Bloomfield Hills law firm of Witzke Berry PLLC. Mr. Berry practices in the areas of estate planning, business, probate, veterans benefits & Medicaid planning. Follow Christopher on Twitter @chrisberryesq
Source: http://michiganelderlawcenter.com/family-asset-protection-estate-planning/
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Ed Norton to play 'Words With Friends' for charity
FILE In this July 30, 2012 file photo, actor Edward Norton attends the world premiere of "The Bourne Legacy" at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York. Norton, Jonah Hill, Snoop Dogg and several other stars are slated to play in a celebrity tournament of the popular online game "Words With Friends" for charity beginning Sept. 27, 2012. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP, File)
FILE In this July 30, 2012 file photo, actor Edward Norton attends the world premiere of "The Bourne Legacy" at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York. Norton, Jonah Hill, Snoop Dogg and several other stars are slated to play in a celebrity tournament of the popular online game "Words With Friends" for charity beginning Sept. 27, 2012. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP, File)
FILE In this July 30, 2012 file photo, actor Edward Norton attends the world premiere of "The Bourne Legacy" at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York. Norton, Jonah Hill, Snoop Dogg and several other stars are slated to play in a celebrity tournament of the popular online game "Words With Friends" for charity beginning Sept. 27, 2012. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP, File)
LOS ANGELES (AP) ? Look out, Alec Baldwin.
Edward Norton, Jonah Hill, Snoop Dogg and several other stars are slated to play in a celebrity tournament of the popular online game "Words With Friends" for charity. The celebs will begin facing off against each other in matches of Zynga's Scrabble-like word-building game on Thursday.
Norton, who is playing for the Maasai Wilderness Conservation Fund, is confident that he will dominate the tournament, which also includes such celebrity players as Eva Longoria, Kristen Bell and John Legend ? but not Baldwin ? vying for $500,000 in prize money for their charities from American Express.
"I have to give myself time-outs on 'Words With Friends,'" said Norton in a telephone interview Monday. "I've gone through phases where I'm like, 'What am I doing? This is much too much of my day.'"
"Words With Friends" players will be able to join their favorite stars' teams during the "Words With Friends Celebrity Challenge," as well as watch the celebrity matchups online and donate to their charities through Norton's fundraising site, CrowdRise.com.
"We had the idea to do a celebrity tournament some time ago when it became apparent that the game was a hit among celebrities," said Travis Boatman, senior vice president of mobile at Zynga Inc. "It seems like everyone from Katie Couric to Snoop Lion is into the game. It's really inspirational for the team to see how 'Words With Friends has become part of the cultural mainstream, and I think it has struck a chord because it's not just a game, it's a way for people to connect and keep in touch with each other."
In the first round, Norton said he'll face Boston Celtics captain Paul "The Truth" Pierce, who is playing for his foundation, The Truth Fund.
"I think it's going to be a tough first round for him," teased Norton. "I think it's great that he has a cause he supports, and I hope the amount he gets from just the first round is going to make him happy because I don't think it's going to go past there."
The brainy "Moonrise Kingdom" and "The Bourne Legacy" actor, who graduated from Yale University with a history degree, said his stiffest competition might come from Snoop Dogg, who has recently been going by the name Snoop Lion, because of the rapper's experience with wordplay.
And what about Baldwin? Why isn't the "30 Rock" actor, who was infamously booted from a flight last year for refusing to stop playing "Words With Friends" on his phone, among the contenders?
"Next year, for sure, if I have any say in it," said Norton. "I'm going to win this year, so adding him to the mix next year will make it interesting for me."
___
Online:
http://www.wordscelebritychallenge.com
http://www.crowdrise.com/wordswithfriends
___
Follow AP entertainment writer Derrik J. Lang on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/derrikjlang
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Domain Flipping Extreme ? One Guy's Journey To $11,954 ...
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What the heck, I am like every normal college student ? partying, going to cafes with girlfriends and buddies and trying to finish school. But I have one little secret that makes me different from my buddies who still work their asses off at Wal-Mart and McDonalds ? Money used to control my life, now I control the money.
Give me five minutes of your time and I will give you life changing secrets of how you can make a blazing profit of $11,954 working semi-autopilot from anywhere. Wouldn?t it be great to finally quit your own soul-sucking job and start working online in your home? Let?s get right to the point!
But it hasn?t always been like this. I spent a full year struggling to make any money online before I discovered how pro flippers do their stuff.
Let me first share two hidden facts that the underground domain community doesn?t want you to know about.
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And here?s the second hidden fact? You are on your way RIGHT NOW to discovering how the exact cash-machine formula that made me $11,954 dollars in 30 days (and it wasn?t even used to its full potential!) will create your own autopilot, online cash-machine pulling massive checks monthly, working anywhere you have access to the Internet!
Yes, I was poor. I was working shit jobs I didn?t enjoy and feeling like a prisoner of my own time.
I didn?t enjoy partying and socializing with my friends as much as? Read more?
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Tuesday, September 25, 2012
Bon Secours 757 Good Health Blog | Hospital Wellness Initiatives ...
Hospital systems in Hampton Roads are joining a nationwide trend towards wellness and prevention ? starting with their employees. Many organizations have hired wellness coordinators, provided free fitness programs for employees and thrown in financial perks for those who agree to fill out risk assessments or work with a health coach.
Bon Secours Hampton Roads is one of the local systems leading the way in employee wellness initiatives with at least one huge financial incentive: bringing down the costs of employee health care.
At Bon Secours a variety of employee wellness initiatives are being used to help record, track, and improve changes in employee health throughout the three hospital system. Among them is the no-nicotine hiring policy started Nov. 30, 2011. A ?Rethink Your Drink? campaign reduced the size of sugary beverages served in the hospital cafeterias and incorporated healthier drinks like coconut water this year. An on-site clinic for employees will open at Bon Secours Maryview Medical Center in Portsmouth next month. With help from the weight loss and nutrition experts at Bon Secours In Motion clinics, Bon Secours also launched a free 13-week fitness program this summer called ?Team Lean,? which helps selected employees work to lose weight and live healthier with personal training sessions and nutrition education.
+ Read the full article in the Virginian-Pilot here!
+ Find out more about the weight loss services offered in Hampton Roads.
Source: http://www.bs757.com/2012/09/hospital-wellness-initiatives-push-employees-to-be-healthier/
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Ex-prof gets life in prison for meeting rampage
HUNTSVILLE, Ala. (AP) ? A Harvard-educated biologist was sentenced to life in prison without parole Monday after being convicted of going on a shooting rampage during a faculty meeting at an Alabama university, killing three colleagues and wounding three others in 2010.
The jury deliberated for about 20 minutes before convicting Amy Bishop. The former professor at the University of Alabama in Huntsville showed no reaction as the verdict was read. She did not speak in court, but her attorney said she has often expressed great remorse for the victims and their families.
"She is shattered beyond belief," attorney Roy Miller said.
Bishop avoided a death sentence by pleading guilty earlier this month to the shootings on Feb. 12, 2010. Before the guilty plea ? which she signed with a barely legible scrawl ? her attorneys had said they planned to use an insanity defense.
However, she was still required to have a brief trial because she admitted to a capital murder charge.
And she still could face a trial in Massachusetts, where she is charged in the 1986 killing of her 18-year-old brother. Seth Bishop's death had been ruled an accident after Amy Bishop told investigators she shot him in the family's Braintree home as she tried to unload her father's gun. But the Alabama shootings prompted a new investigation and charges. David Traub, a spokesman for Norfolk District Attorney Michael Morrissey in Massachusetts, said Monday evening that Morrissey expects to make an announcement by the end of the week.
Bishop killed her boss, biology department chairman Gopi Padila, plus professors Maria Ragland Davis and Adriel Johnson. Associate professor Joseph Leahy, staff aide Stephanie Monticciolo and assistant professor Luis Cruz-Vera were shot and wounded.
Leahy said he was satisfied with the verdict and life sentence, but no amount of remorse by Bishop could change what she'd done.
"She has just sort of ceased to exist for me," he told reporters after the brief trial.
A police investigator testified that Bishop initially denied having anything to do with the rampage. And during the trial, Bishop shook her head anytime the judge or prosecutors described the killings as intentional.
District Attorney Rob Broussard said Bishop's reaction in court didn't make sense.
"You can't take a loaded 9 mm and hold it inches away from human beings' heads and tell me you didn't mean to do that," said Broussard.
Investigator Charlie Gray also said police believe Bishop opened fire during the faculty meeting because she was angry over being denied tenure, which effectively ended her career at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.
"She would say, 'It didn't happen. I wasn't there. It wasn't me,'" Gray said.
Bishop wore a red jail uniform in court and was shackled at the feet, seated between two attorneys at the defense table.
Also in court, sitting behind prosecutors, were relatives of the people killed in the rampage.
The only other witness to testify was Debra Moriarity, now the chairman of biological sciences at UAH. She testified about how a routine Friday afternoon faculty meeting turned into a scene of carnage with no warning.
Moriarty testified that Amy Bishop sat unusually silent during the nearly hourlong faculty meeting, during which discussions ran from a spring open house to plans for the following fall. People were seated around a crowded conference table in a small room on a chilly, overcast day, she said.
Moriarity said she glanced down at a piece of paper on the table. "And there was a loud bang," she said.
Moriarity said more shots followed in quick succession without Bishop ever saying a word. Moriarity said she was looking directly at Bishop when she shot professor Maria Ragland Davis, who was killed instantly while still seated at the table.
Moriarity said she dove under the table for safety and tried to grab Bishop's legs, but the woman stepped out of her grasp. "I was saying, 'Stop, Amy, stop. Don't do this. I've helped you before, I'll help you again.'"
Moriarity said Bishop pointed the gun at her and pulled the trigger, but nothing happened. She said Bishop continued trying to shoot her in a hall outside, but the gun had jammed.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/ex-prof-gets-life-prison-meeting-rampage-212729165.html
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Allowing FDI in India will help take growth forward: CII President
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Monday, September 24, 2012
'Untenable': Terry quits international football over race row
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100?smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD?927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law?the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world?developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
England's terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north (for example, the mountainous Lake District, Pennines, and Yorkshire Dales) and in the south west (for example, Dartmoor and the Cotswolds). The former capital of England was Winchester until replaced by London in 1066. Today London is the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. England's population is about 53?million, around 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, and is largely concentrated in London, the South East and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century. Meadowlands and pastures are found beyond the major cities.
The Kingdom of England?which after 1284 included Wales?was a sovereign state until 1?May 1707, when the Acts of Union put into effect the terms agreed in the Treaty of Union the previous year, resulting in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922, the Irish Free State was established as a separate dominion, but the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 reincorporated into the kingdom six Irish counties to officially create the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
== Toponymy == The name "England" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means "land of the Angles". The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of "England" to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its modern spelling was first used in 1538.
The earliest attested mention of the name occurs in the 1st century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used. The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country and its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons. It may be worth noting that in Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Britain, it was the dominant Saxon tribe who gave their name to the word for 'England' ("Sasunn").
An alternative name for England is Albion. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo: "Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and Ierne". The word Albion (??????) or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, the only part of Britain visible from the European Continent, or from the phrase in Massaliote Periplus, the "island of the Albiones". Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend.
History
Prehistory and antiquity
The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000?years ago. Modern humans are known to have first inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years. After the last ice age only large mammals such as mammoths, bison and woolly rhinoceros remained. Roughly 11,000?years ago, when the ice sheets began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The sea level was lower than now, and Britain was connected by land to both Ireland and Eurasia. As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000?years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later.The Beaker culture arrived around 2500?BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores. It was during this time that major Neolithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, both of which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made bronze, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron smelting allowed the construction of better ploughs, advancing agriculture (for instance, with Celtic fields), as well as the production of more effective weapons.
According to John T. Koch and others, England in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age, that included the whole of the British Isles and much of what we now regard as France, together with the Iberian Peninsula. Celtic languages developed in those areas; Tartessian may have been the earliest written Celtic language.
During the Iron Age, Celtic culture, deriving from the Hallstatt and La T?ne cultures, arrived from Central Europe. Brythonic was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to Ptolemy's Geographia there were around 20 tribes in the area. Earlier divisions are unknown because the Britons were not literate. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic attempted to invade twice in 55?BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a client king from the Trinovantes.
The Romans invaded Britain in AD?43 during the reign of Emperor Claudius, subsequently conquering much of Britain, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as Britannia province. The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the Catuvellauni led by Caratacus. Later, an uprising led by Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the Battle of Watling Street. This era saw a Greco-Roman culture prevail with the introduction of Roman law, Roman architecture, sewage systems, many agricultural items, and silk. In the 3rd century, Emperor Septimius Severus died at Eboracum (modern-day York), where Constantine was subsequently proclaimed emperor.
There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, with probability lying much earlier. According to Bede, missionaries were sent from Rome by Eleutherius at the request of the chieftain Lucius of Britain in AD 180 to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through Joseph of Arimathea, while others claim through Lucius of Britain. By 410, as the Empire declined, Britain was left exposed by the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.
Middle Ages
Roman military withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Angles, Saxons and Jutes who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province and began to settle, initially in the eastern part of the country. Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the Battle of Mount Badon, but subsequently resumed, over-running the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under Brythonic control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a Dark Age. The nature and progression of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is consequently subject to considerable disagreement. Christianity had in general disappeared from the conquered territories, but was reintroduced by missionaries from Rome led by Augustine from 597 onwards and by Irish missionaries led by Aidan around the same time. Disputes between the varying influences represented by these missions ended in victory for the Roman tradition.During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent and Sussex. Over the following centuries this process of political consolidation continued. The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence. In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the Danes culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under Alfred the Great was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the Danelaw. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under ?thelstan in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by Eadred in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013 and again by his son Cnut in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived North Sea empire that also included Denmark and Norway. However the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of Edward the Confessor in 1042.
A dispute over the succession to Edward led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, accomplished by an army led by Duke William of Normandy. The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.
The House of Plantagenet from Anjou inherited the English throne under Henry II, adding England to the budding Angevin Empire of fiefs the family had inherited in France including Aquitaine. They reigned for three centuries, proving noted monarchs such as Richard I, Edward I, Edward III and Henry V. The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of the Magna Carta, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic monasticism flourished, providing philosophers and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The Principality of Wales became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century and the Lordship of Ireland was gifted to the English monarchy by the Pope.
During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and House of Valois both claimed to be legitimate claimants to House of Capet and with it France?the two powers clashed in the Hundred Years' War. The Black Death epidemic hit England; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's inhabitants. From 1453 to 1487 civil war between two branches of the royal family occurred?the Yorkists and Lancastrians?known as the Wars of the Roses. Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the Tudors, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by Henry Tudor who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field where the Yorkist king Richard III was killed.
Early Modern
During the Tudor period, the Renaissance reached England through Italian courtiers, who reintroduced artistic, educational and scholarly debate from classical antiquity. During this time England began to develop naval skills, and exploration to the West intensified.Henry VIII broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to divorce, under the Acts of Supremacy in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the Church of England. In contrast with much of European Protestantism, the roots of the split were more political than theological..|group=nb}} He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the 1535?1542 acts. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The former brought the country back to Catholicism, while the later broke from it again, more forcefully asserting the supremacy of Anglicanism.
An English fleet under Francis Drake defeated an invading Spanish Armada during the Elizabethan period. Competing with Spain, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer Walter Raleigh in Virginia and named Roanoke. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony, after it was found abandoned on the return of the late arriving supply ship. With the East India Company, England also competed with the Dutch and French in the East. The political structure of the island was changed in 1603, when the Stuart James VI of Scotland, a kingdom which was a longtime rival, inherited the throne of England as James I?creating a personal union . He styled himself King of Great Britain, although this had no basis in English law. Under the auspices of King James VI and I the so called Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It has not only been ranked with Shakespeare's works as the greatest masterpiece of literature in the English language, but also has been the standard version of the Bible most Christians have read for four hundred years.
Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the English Civil War was fought between the supporters of Parliament and those of King Charles I, known as Roundheads and Cavaliers respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted Wars of the Three Kingdoms, involving Scotland and Ireland. The Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and the kingdom replaced with the Commonwealth. Leader of the Parliament forces, Oliver Cromwell declared himself Lord Protector in 1653, a period of personal rule followed. After Cromwell's death, and his son Richard's resignation as Lord Protector, Charles II was invited to return as monarch in 1660 with the Restoration. It was now constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the Bill of Rights in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, and the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without prior approval by Parliament. With the founding of the Royal Society in 1660, science was greatly encouraged.
The Great Fire of London in 1666 gutted the City of London but it was rebuilt shortly afterwards. In Parliament two factions had emerged?the Tories and Whigs. The former were royalists while the latter were classical liberals. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king James II, some of them, along with the Whigs, deposed him in the Revolution of 1688 and invited Dutch prince William III to become monarch. Some English people, especially in the north, were Jacobites and continued to support James and his sons. After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed, the two countries joined in political union, to create the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national church of each remained separate.
Late Modern and contemporary
Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other English initiatives combined with the Scottish Enlightenment to create innovations in science and engineering. This paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire. Domestically it drove the Industrial Revolution, a period of profound change in the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development. The opening of Northwest England's Bridgewater Canal in 1761 ushered in the canal age in Britain. In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway?the Stockton and Darlington Railway?opened to the public.During the Industrial Revolution, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at Manchester and Birmingham, dubbed "Warehouse City" and "Workshop of the World" respectively. England maintained relative stability throughout the French Revolution; William Pitt the Younger was British Prime Minister for the reign of George III. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon planned to invade from the south-east. However this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British at sea by Lord Nelson and on land by the Duke of Wellington. The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of Britishness and a united national British people, shared with the Scots and Welsh.
London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the Victorian era, and trade within the British Empire?as well as the standing of the British military and navy?was prestigious. Political agitation at home from radicals such as the Chartists and the suffragettes enabled legislative reform and universal suffrage. Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Allies.|group=nb}} Two decades later, in World War II, the United Kingdom was again one of the Allies. At the end of the Phoney War, Winston Churchill became the wartime Prime Minister. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during the Blitz. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid decolonisation, and there was a speeding up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and Frank Whittle's development of the jet engine led to wider air travel. Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. England's NHS provided publicly funded health care to all UK permanent residents free at the point of need, being paid for from general taxation. Combined, these changes prompted the reform of local government in England in the mid-20th century.
Since the 20th century there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the British Isles, but also from the Commonwealth, particularly the Indian subcontinent. Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the service industry. As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a common market initiative called the European Economic Community which became the European Union. Since the late 20th century the administration of the United Kingdom has moved towards devolved governance in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. England and Wales continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom. Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism. There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by referendum.
Governance
Politics
As part of the United Kingdom, the basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system. There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Acts of Union 1707, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, joined England and Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Before the union England was ruled by its monarch and the Parliament of England. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although other countries of the United Kingdom have devolved governments. In the House of Commons which is the lower house of the British Parliament based at the Palace of Westminster, there are 532 Members of Parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.In the United Kingdom general election, 2010 the Conservative Party had won an absolute majority in England's 532 contested seats with 61 seats more than all other parties combined (the Speaker of the House not being counted as a Conservative). However, taking Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales into account this was not enough to secure an overall majority, resulting in a hung parliament. In order to achieve a majority the Conservative party, headed by David Cameron, entered into a coalition agreement with the third largest party, the Liberal Democrats, led by Nick Clegg. Subsequently the Labour Party leader, Gordon Brown was forced to step down as prime minister and leader of the Labour party, now led by Ed Miliband.
As the United Kingdom is a member of the European Union, there are elections held regionally in England to decide who is sent as Members of the European Parliament. The 2009 European Parliament election saw the regions of England elect the following MEPs: 23 Conservatives, ten Labour, nine UK Independence Party (UKIP), nine Liberal Democrats, two Greens and two British National Party (BNP).
Since devolution, in which other countries of the United Kingdom?Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland?each have their own devolved parliament or assemblies for local issues, there has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various regions of England would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the North East in a referendum, this has not been carried out.
One major issue is the West Lothian question, in which MPs from Scotland and Wales are able to vote on legislation affecting only England, while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters. This when placed in the context of England being the only country of the United Kingdom not to have free cancer treatment, prescriptions, residential care for the elderly and free top-up university fees, has led to a steady rise in English nationalism. Some have suggested the creation of a devolved English parliament, while others have proposed simply limiting voting on legislation which only affects England to English MPs.
Law
The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries and the United States (except Louisiana). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent?stare decisis?to the facts before them.The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords. A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.
Crime increased between 1981 and 1995, but fell by 42% in the period 1995?2006. The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000. Her Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 80,000 convicts.
Regions, counties, and districts
The subdivisions of England consist of up to four levels of subnational division controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of local government. The highest tier of local government were the nine regions of England: North East, North West, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East, South East, South West, and London. These were created in 1994 as Government Offices, used by the British Government to deliver a wide range of policies and programmes regionally, but there are no elected bodies at this level, except in London, and in 2011 the regional Government offices were abolished. The same boundaries remain in use for electing Members of the European Parliament on a regional basis.
After devolution began to take place in other parts of the United Kingdom it was planned that referendums for the regions of England would take place for their own elected regional assemblies as a counterweight. London accepted in 1998: the London Assembly was created two years later. However, when the proposal was rejected by the northern England devolution referendums, 2004 in the North East, further referendums were cancelled. The regional assemblies outside London were abolished in 2010, and their functions transferred to respective Regional Development Agencies and a new system of local authority leaders' boards.
Below the regional level, all of England is divided into 48 ceremonial counties. These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference and have developed gradually since the Middle Ages, with some established as recently as 1974. Each has a Lord Lieutenant and High Sheriff; these posts are used to represent the British monarch locally. Outside Greater London and the Isles of Scilly, England is also divided into 83 metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; these correspond to areas used for the purposes of local government and may consist of a single district or be divided into several.
There are six metropolitan counties based on the most heavily urbanised areas, which do not have county councils. In these areas the principal authorities are the councils of the subdivisions, the metropolitan boroughs. Elsewhere, 27 non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council. They are typically, though not always, found in more rural areas. The remaining non-metropolitan counties are of a single district and usually correspond to large towns or sparsely populated counties; they are known as unitary authorities. Greater London has a different system for local government, with 32 London boroughs, plus the City of London covering a small area at the core, governed by the City of London Corporation. At the most localised level, much of England is divided into civil parishes with councils; they do not exist in Greater London.
Geography
Landscape and rivers
Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom?to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France by a sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone. England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.The ports of London, Liverpool, and Newcastle lie on the tidal rivers Thames, Mersey and Tyne respectively. At , the Severn is the longest river flowing through England. It empties into the Bristol Channel and is notable for its Severn Bore tidal waves, which can reach in height. However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is in length. There are many lakes in England; the largest is Windermere, within the aptly named Lake District.
In geological terms, the Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the Paleozoic Era around 300?million years ago. Their geological composition includes, among others, sandstone and limestone, and also coal. There are karst landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. The Pennine landscape is high moorland in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain three national parks, the Yorkshire Dales, Northumberland, and the Peak District. The highest point in England, at , is Scafell Pike in Cumbria. Straddling the border between England and Scotland are the Cheviot Hills.
The English Lowlands are to the south of the Pennines, consisting of green rolling hills, including the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North and South Downs?where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the cliffs of Dover. The granite Southwest Peninsula in the West Country includes upland moorland, such as Dartmoor and Exmoor, and enjoys a mild climate; both are national parks.
Climate
England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than in winter and not much higher than in summer. The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October. Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year.Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream. Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more rain than anywhere else in the country. Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was on 10 August 2003 at Brogdale in Kent, while the lowest was on 10 January 1982 in Edgmond, Shropshire.
Major conurbations
The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself. Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands. There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status. Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester. According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are: {| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:5%;"| Rank ! style="width:30%;"| Urban area ! style="width:15%;"| Population ! style="width:5%;"| Localities ! style="width:45%;"| Major localities |- style="text-align:center;" ||1 || style="text-align:center;"|Greater London Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|8,278,251|| 67 || style="text-align:center;"|Greater London, divided into the City of London and 32 London boroughs including Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley |- style="text-align:center;" ||2 || style="text-align:center;"|West Midlands Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|2,284,093 || 22 || style="text-align:center;"|Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall, Aldridge |- style="text-align:center;" ||3 || style="text-align:center;"|Greater Manchester Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|2,240,230 || 57 || style="text-align:center;"|Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham |- style="text-align:center;" ||4 || style="text-align:center;"|West Yorkshire Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|1,499,465 || 26 || style="text-align:center;"|Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield |- style="text-align:center;" ||5 || style="text-align:center;"|Tyneside || style="text-align:center;"|879,996 ||25 || style="text-align:center;"|Newcastle, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow |- style="text-align:center;" ||6 || style="text-align:center;"|Liverpool Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|816,216 || 8 || style="text-align:center;"|Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby |- style="text-align:center;" ||7 || style="text-align:center;"|Nottingham Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|666,358 || 15 || style="text-align:center;"|Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton |- style="text-align:center;" ||8 || style="text-align:center;"|Sheffield Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"|640,720 || 7 || style="text-align:center;"|Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough |- style="text-align:center;" ||9 || style="text-align:center;"|Bristol Urban Area || style="text-align:center;"| 551,066 || 7 || style="text-align:center;"|Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford |- style="text-align:center;" ||10 || style="text-align:center;"|Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton || style="text-align:center;"| 461,181 || 10 || style="text-align:center;"|Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing |}
Economy
England's economy is one of the largest in the world, with an average GDP per capita of ?22,907. Usually regarded as a mixed market economy, it has adopted many free market principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure. The official currency in England is the pound sterling, whose ISO 4217 code is GBP. Taxation in England is quite competitive when compared to much of the rest of Europe?as of 2009 the basic rate of personal tax is 20% on taxable income up to ?37,400, and 40% on any additional earnings above that amount.The economy of England is the largest part of the UK's economy, which has the 18th highest GDP PPP per capita in the world. England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry, and the manufacturing side of the software industry. London, home to the London Stock Exchange, the United Kingdom's main stock exchange and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre?100 of Europe's 500?largest corporations are based in London. London is the largest financial centre in Europe, and is also the largest in the world.
The Bank of England, founded in 1694 by Scottish banker William Paterson, is the United Kingdom's central bank. Originally established as private banker to the Government of England, since 1946 it has been a state-owned institution. The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, although not in other parts of the United Kingdom. The government has devolved responsibility to the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.
England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more service industry oriented economy. Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by pharmaceuticals, cars?although many English marques are now foreign-owned, such as Rolls-Royce, Lotus, Jaguar and Bentley?crude oil and petroleum from the English parts of North Sea oil along with Wytch Farm, aircraft engines and alcoholic beverages. Agriculture is intensive and highly mechanised, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force. Two thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the other to arable crops.
Science and technology
Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Joseph Priestley, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Dirac, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a metric system was invented by John Wilkins, the first secretary of the Royal Society, in 1668. As the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering. Thomas Newcomen's steam engine helped spawn the Industrial Revolution. The physician Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine is said to have "saved more lives [...] than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."Inventions and discoveries of the English include: the jet engine, the first industrial spinning machine, the first computer and the first modern computer, the World Wide Web along with HTML, the first successful human blood transfusion, the motorised vacuum cleaner, the lawn mower, the seat belt, the hovercraft, the electric motor, steam engines, and theories such as the Darwinian theory of evolution and atomic theory. Newton developed the ideas of universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, and infinitesimal calculus, and Robert Hooke his eponymously named law of elasticity. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the thermosiphon, tarmac, the rubber band, the mousetrap, "cat's eye" road marker, joint development of the light bulb, steam locomotives, the modern seed drill and many modern techniques and technologies used in precision engineering.
Transport
The Department for Transport is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. There are many motorways in England, and many other trunk roads, such as the A1 Great North Road, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the M6, from Rugby through the North West up to the Anglo-Scottish border. Other major routes include: the M1 from London to Leeds, the M25 which encircles London, the M60 which encircles Manchester, the M4 from London to South Wales, the M62 from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the M5 from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.
Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include National Express, Arriva and Go-Ahead Group. The red double-decker buses in London have become a symbol of England. There is a rapid rail network in two English cities: the London Underground; and the Tyne and Wear Metro in Newcastle, Gateshead and Sunderland. There are several tram networks, such as the Blackpool tramway, Manchester Metrolink, Sheffield Supertram and Midland Metro, and the Tramlink system centred on Croydon in South London.
Rail transport in England is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825. Much of Britain's of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively, although a high proportion of railway lines were closed in the second half of the 20th century. There are plans to reopen lines such as the Varsity Line between Oxford and Cambridge. These lines are mostly standard gauge (single, double or quadruple track) though there are also a few narrow gauge lines. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the Channel Tunnel, which was completed in 1994.
England has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is London Heathrow, which is the world's busiest airport measured by number of international passengers. Other large airports include Manchester Airport, London Stansted Airport, Luton Airport and Birmingham Airport. By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including to Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium. There are around of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the Canal and River Trust, however water transport is very limited. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the Port of Tilbury in the Thames Estuary, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.
Healthcare
The National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. It was based on the findings of the Beveridge Report, prepared by economist and social reformer William Beveridge. The NHS is largely funded from general taxation including National Insurance payments, and it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.
The government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health, who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of the Department of Health is spent on the NHS??98.6?billion was spent in 2008?2009. In recent years the private sector has been increasingly used to provide more NHS services despite opposition by doctors and trade unions. The average life expectancy of people in England is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four countries of the United Kingdom.
Demography
Population
With over 53?million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population in the world. With a density of 407 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta.The English people are a British people. Some genetic evidence suggests that 75?95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and a significant Norse element. However, other geneticists place the Norse-Germanic estimate up to half. Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse Viking, Gaelic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand. In Canada there are around 6.5?million Canadians who claim English ancestry. Around 70% of Australians in 1999 denoted their origins as Anglo-Celtic, a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland. Chileans of English descent are somewhat of an anomaly in that Chile itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there. |group=nb}} Since the late 1990s, many English people have migrated to Spain. At the time of the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086, more than 90% of the English population of about two million lived in the countryside. By 1801 the population had grown to 8.3?million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5?million. Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom. There has been significant Irish migration. The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans and Poles.
Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan. 2.90% of the population are black, from both the Caribbean and countries in Africa itself, especially former British colonies. There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese. , 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families. About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. Debate over immigration is politically prominent; according to a Home Office poll, 80% of people want to cap it. The ONS has projected that the population will grow by six million between 2004 and 2029.
Language
As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today. It is an Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family. After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by the aristocracy.
By the 15th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins. Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility, when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world's unofficial lingua franca.
English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity, and includes language schooling, tourism spending, and publishing. There is no legislation mandating an official language for England, but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country.
Cornish, which died out as a community language in the 18th century, is being revived, and is now protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. It is spoken by 0.1% of people in Cornwall, and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools. State schools teach students a second language, usually French, German or Spanish. Due to immigration, it was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a foreign language at home, the most common being Punjabi and Urdu.
Religion
Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England, as it has been since the Early Middle Ages, although it was first introduced much earlier, in Gaelic and Roman times. It continued through Early Insular Christianity, and today about 72% of English people identify as Christians. The largest form practised in the present day is Anglicanism, dating from the 16th century Reformation period, with the 1536 split from Rome over Henry VIII wanting to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and the need for the Bible in the English tongue. The religion regards itself as both Catholic and Reformed.There are High Church and Low Church traditions, and some Anglicans regard themselves as Anglo-Catholics, after the Tractarian movement. The monarch of the United Kingdom is a titular leader of the Church, acting as its Supreme Governor. It has the status of established church in England. There are around 26?million adherents to the Church of England and they form part of the Anglican Communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury acting as the symbolic worldwide head. Many cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as Westminster Abbey, York Minster, Durham Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral.
The second largest Christian practice is the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, which traces its formal, corporate history in England to the 6th century with Augustine's mission and was the main religion on the entire island for around a thousand years. Since its reintroduction after the Catholic Emancipation, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an England and Wales basis where there are 4.5?million members (most of whom are English). There has been one Pope from England to date, Adrian IV; while saints Bede and Anselm are regarded as Doctors of the Church.
A form of Protestantism known as Methodism is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through John Wesley. It gained popularity in the mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and amongst tin miners in Cornwall. There are other non-conformist minorities, such as Baptists, Quakers, Congregationalists, Unitarians and The Salvation Army.
The patron saint of England is Saint George; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England, as well as in the Union Flag as part of a combination. There are many other English and associated saints; some of the best known include: Cuthbert, Alban, Wilfrid, Aidan, Edward the Confessor, John Fisher, Thomas More, Petroc, Piran, Margaret Clitherow and Thomas Becket. There are non-Christian religions practised. Jews have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070. They were expelled from England in 1290 following the Edict of Expulsion, only to be allowed back in 1656.
Especially since the 1950s, Eastern religions from the former British colonies have begun to appear, due to foreign immigration; Islam is the most common of these, accounting for around 3.1% of the population in England. Hinduism, Sikhism and Buddhism are next in number, adding up to 2% combined, introduced from India and South East Asia. Around 14.6% have no religion.
Education
The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education. State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren. Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic. Between three and four is nursery school, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school. After finishing compulsory education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education for two years. Further education colleges, such as sixth form colleges are either separate or attached to the secondary school institution and prepare students to sit A-Level examinations, for higher education at universities.Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources. Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.
Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90?universities England, all but one of which are public. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England. Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor's degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master's degree, taking one year, or a Doctorate degree, which takes three.
England's universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 QS World University Rankings. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times. Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class).
The King's School, Canterbury and King's School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world. Many of England's better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul's School, Rugby School, and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions.
Culture
Architecture
Many ancient standing stone monuments were erected during the prehistoric period, amongst the best known are Stonehenge, Devil's Arrows, Rudston Monolith and Castlerigg. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, baths, amphitheaters, triumphal arches, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, Roman forts, stockades and aqueducts. It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best known example is Hadrian's Wall stretching right across northern England. Another well preserved example is the Roman Baths at Bath, Somerset.Early Medieval architecture's secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with thatch for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of Hiberno?Saxon monasticism, to Early Christian basilica and architecture
Source: http://article.wn.com/view/2012/09/23/Untenable_Terry_quits_international_football_over_race_row_8/
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